Common Sense Health: When is surgery the right move for a pain in the knee?

By Dr. Gifford-Jones and Diana Gifford-Jones on June 27, 2025.

Osteoarthritis comes on slowly. But with time, it steals your comfort, your mobility, and eventually, your independence. For those living with bone-on-bone agony in their knees or hips, the prospect of surgery can feel like a lifeline. But be cautious. Sometimes, the best scalpel is the one that stays in the drawer.

Orthopedic surgeons are fond of saying, “We can fix that.” But just because they can doesn’t mean they should – not right away. Too often, patients are shuffled down the surgical assembly line before they’ve tried the basics: weight loss, physiotherapy, mobility aids, proper footwear, and anti-inflammatory strategies. One Canadian study showed only one in five patients fully pursued these non-surgical options before being referred for surgery. That’s medical malpractice by neglect.

When surgery is the right decision, it can be life changing. Total knee and hip replacements have excellent long-term success rates. Roughly 85 to 90 percent of patients are satisfied, and for many, the pain relief is dramatic. But “dramatic” doesn’t mean instant or perfect. Recovery is no picnic. There’s the risk of infection, blood clots, nerve damage, or a replacement that never quite feels right. And if you’re under 60, there’s a good chance you’ll outlive your implant and face the joyless prospect of revision surgery – a second round of surgery that’s more complicated, more painful, and far less predictable.

Hip replacements generally have even higher satisfaction rates than knees. The anatomy is simpler, the rehab tends to be smoother, and most patients are walking pain-free in weeks – not months. If you’re weighing your options, a worn-out hip often responds better to surgery than a badly arthritic knee.

If there were a winner of a popularity contest for pointless procedures, arthroscopic knee surgery for arthritis would be it. This minimally invasive surgical technique may be useful for other problems, but not for osteoarthritis. High-quality trials on both sides of the Atlantic have shown this surgery does little for long-term pain. Yet the instruments are busy, and the surgeons are billing.

There are lesser-known, but promising, surgical options. Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, or “partial knee replacement,” is one. If arthritis is confined to just one side of the joint, this more conservative approach can offer pain relief with a smaller incision, quicker recovery, and lower complication rates.

Other treatments are emerging outside the operating room. In Germany, genicular artery embolization – an outpatient procedure that targets inflamed blood vessels in the arthritic knee – reduced pain and improved quality of life for 87 percent of patients within a year. In Canada, early clinical trials using stem cells harvested from patients’ own bone marrow are showing promise. And researchers in Switzerland are even using engineered cartilage grown from nasal cells to resurface damaged knees. Call it the rhinoplasty of joint repair!

But none of these treatments should be step one. Real care means starting with education, patience, and conservative treatment. In one study, patients who used a decision-making aid often chose to delay surgery after learning about other options. Not because they were afraid, but because they were informed.

We’re not anti-surgery. We’re pro-wisdom. If you’re suffering, you have diligently tried proven approaches to halting the creep of osteoarthritis, and nothing else helps, by all means talk to your surgeon. But go in with your eyes open and your brain turned on. Ask tough questions. Demand alternatives. And remember, as Ben Franklin put it: “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.”

Or, as we’d put it, don’t let the surgeon be your first therapist.